Glories in Ancient Vedic Scriptures

Sanctity of the cows and bulls has been extensively described in ancient Indian literature. In fact in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्) – 5.8.1, vedas are symbolized as a cow: 

vācaṃ dhenum upāsīta |

tasyāś catvāraḥ stanāḥ |

svāhākāro vaṣaṭkāro hantakāraḥ svadhākāraḥ |

tasyai dvau stanau devā upajīvanti |

svāhākāraṃ ca vaṣaṭkāraṃ ca |

hantakāraṃ manuṣyāḥ |

svadhākāraṃ pitaraḥ |

tasyāḥ prāṇa ṛṣabho mano vatsaḥ ||

One should meditate upon speech (the Vedas) as a cow (as it were). She has four teats – the sounds “Svaha’, ‘Vasat’, ‘Hanta’ and ‘Svadha’. The gods live on two of her teats – the sounds ‘Svaha’ and ‘Vasat’, men on the sound ‘Hanta’, and the manes on the sound ‘Svadha’. Her bull is the vital force, and her calf the mind.

Cows and bulls have also been associated with various deities, notably Lord Krishna (a cowherd boy in his youth, also called Gopal - गोपाल - the protector of cows), Lord Shiva (who is carrying a bull - Nandi - नंदी) and goddesses in general due to maternal attributes of many of them.

Here are some of the famous vedic injunctions:

Rig Veda 4.1.6

अस्य शरेष्ठा सुभगस्य संद्र्ग देवस्य चित्रतमा मर्त्येषु |

शुचि घर्तं न तप्तम अघ्न्याया सपार्हा देवस्य मंहनेव धेनोः ||

asya śreṣṭhā subhaghasya saṃdṛgh devasya citratamā martyeṣu | 

śuci ghṛtaṃ na taptam aghnyāyā spārhā devasya maṃhaneva dhenoḥ ||

Excellent is the glance, of brightest splendor, which the auspicious God bestows on mortals. The God's glance, longed-for even as the butter, pure, heated, of the cow, the milk cow's bounty.

Rig Veda 6.28.5

गावो भगो गाव इन्द्रो मे अछान गावः सोमस्य परथमस्य भक्षः |

इमा या गावः स जनास इन्द्र इछामीद धर्दामनसा चिदिन्द्रम ||

ghāvo bhagho ghāva indro me achān ghāvaḥ somasya prathamasya bhakṣaḥ |

imā yā ghāvaḥ sa janāsa indra ichāmīd dhṛdāmanasā cidindram ||

To me the Cows seem Bhaga, they seem Indra, they seem a portion of the first-poured Soma. These present Cows, they, O ye Indra. I long for Indra with my heart and spirit.

Rig Veda 7.69.9

एष सय कारुर्जरते सूक्तैरग्रे बुधान उषसां सुमन्मा |

इषा तं वर्धदघ्न्या पयोभिर्यूयं पात ... ||

eṣa sya kārurjarate sūktairaghre budhāna uṣasāṃ sumanmā |

iṣā taṃ vardhadaghnyā payobhiryūyaṃ pāta ... ||

With his fair hymns this singer, too, extols you, waking with glad thoughts at the break of morning. May the cow nourish him with milk to feed llim. Preserve us evermore, ye Gods, with blessings.

Atharva Veda 1.22.1

अनु  सूर्यमुदयतां  ह्र्द्ध्योतो हरिमा च ते | गो रोहितस्य वर्णेन तेन त्वा परि दध्मसि ||

Panchgavya produced by red cow is a miraculous remedy for treating heart and liver diseases.

Atharva Veda 9.10.5

hiṅkr̥ṇvatī́ vasupátnī vásūnāṃ vatsám ichántī mánasābhyā́gāt |

duhā́m aśvíbhyāṃ páyo aghnyéyáṃ sā́ vardhatāṃ mahaté sáubhagāya ||5||

She, Lady of all treasures, hath come hither, yearning in spirit for her calf, and lowing. May this Cow yield her milk for both the Asvins, and may she prosper to our high advantage.